EUROPEANISM

There are roughly eight billion, two hundred fifty million humans across Earth. Humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo. Like many mammalian species with wide geographic dispersal humans are subdivided into distinct subspecies, which are commonly known as races. Human races are comprised of numerous ethnicities, with some of these ethnicities having multiple subethnicities. Within humans race is both a sociological and biological phenomenon and can be most accurately defined as a collection of ethnic groups that have a high degree of genetic, cultural, and linguistic similarity to each other, while being dissimilar to other collections of ethnic groups. Historically, the human species and its various subspecies, such as the European subspecies, was defined by countless small tribes that had little to no contact with each other but over the millennia as humans have technologically developed these tribes would meld together to form the much larger ethnic groups which define much of the world today. 

Europeans are those people whose genetic composition is primarily derived from tens of thousands of years of human evolution adapting to survive in the unique conditions of the continent of Europe. The first anatomically modern European humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic Era. The two most commonly accepted scientific theories of the origin of anatomically modern humans in Europe is the “Out of Africa Theory" and the “Multi-Regional Theory", with a hybrid of both theories increasingly becoming the most common explanation. The "Out of Africa Theory" hypothesizes that Europeans are descended from a population of humans who migrated out of East Africa in a major wave roughly 70,000 years ago and entered Europe roughly 50,000 years ago, where they displaced and interbred with the preexisting Neanderthal population. The “Multi-Regional Theory" suggests humans principally evolved in parallel across various regions after the hominins Homo Erectus left Africa to settle across Eurasia, with the first Homo Erectus arriving in Europe around 1.8 million years ago. The first permanent European settlement occurred roughly 10,000 years ago in the Balkans with the advent of agriculture during the Neolithic period. Highly complex European society is generally considered to have started on the island of Crete some 5,000 years ago during the Bronze Age with the Minoans being the first known literate people in Europe. 

Today, the European Race is the approximately one billion, one hundred twenty-five million Europeans who nearly all belong to the twenty-eight European ethnic groups primarily spread across the world's fifty-seven European countries. The European Race can be divided into three main branches based on language families including Germanic Europeans, Latin Europeans, and Slavic Europeans. Historically, Celtic Europeans would have constituted a fourth main branch of the European Race however the Celtic ethnicities were absorbed into other European ethnicities over the centuries, with the last remaining Celtic ethnicities having been absorbed into the British and French ethnicities. Today, there are only a few hundred thousand native speakers of the six surviving Celtic languages which include Irish, Welsh, Breton, Gaelic, Cornish, and Manx with these native speakers primarily being elderly Europeans in the remote northwestern edges of Europe. 

The terms "European" and "White" are synonyms with the latter generally being a more colloquial version of the more formal former. The specific use of the words "Europe" and "Europeans" to describe the continent and its indigenous inhabitants was popularized by the Greeks in the 6th century BC. While ancient Greek and Italian writers consistently described Europeans as having white skin going back to some of the oldest known written works in Europe usage of the standalone term "White" as a synonym for Europeans is fairly modern, being first recorded in France in the 14th century and becoming popular across the rest of Western Europe by the 16th century. The term "White" would achieve its greatest popularity in the British, Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies of the Americas which practiced African slavery, as local European elites sought a term to describe their race in a way that differentiated the Europeans in the Americas from both their African slaves as well as their fellow Europeans in Europe. Today, usage of the term "White" is predominately associated with the Americas, most notably the United States, and can sometimes be viewed as slightly uneducated, crass, or even offensive. 

Throughout the centuries some have argued that the terms "European" and "White" are not synonyms and that there is a "White Race" which encompasses not only Europeans but also the indigenous peoples of Southwest Asia and North Africa such as the Semitic ethnic groups like the Arabs, Amhara, Israelis, and Assyrians and the Iranic ethnic groups like the Persians, Pashtuns, Kurds, and Ossetians. However, this is an intellectually disingenuous argument generally made for political purposes as it has no basis in biological or sociological reality as Europeans and the non-Europeans of Southwest Asia and North Africa are highly distinct genetically and culturally. Thousands of years ago there was more genetic and cultural continuity between these regions but after the Arab conquests of the 7th century and the Turkish conquests of the 14th and 15th centuries these similarities greatly diminished. Today, the only ethnic groups of Southwest Asia and North Africa which have a significant degree of genetic and cultural similarity to Europeans are the Georgians and Armenians, as they were the most able to resist assimilation by the Arabs and Turks while retaining numerous connections to Europeans. 

An ethnicity is a group of people that share a common and distinctive ancestry, culture, religion, and language. Ethnicity is a cultural universal and essential quality inherent to all major human groupings. The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ethnos, which was loaned into Latin as ethnicus. Since the late middle ages the Germanic word folk, alongside the Latinate words people and nation have been also used to describe this concept. Some 2,500 years ago legendary Greek historian and philosopher Herodotus gave a well known account of what defined his own classical Greek ethnicity, and what separated him from the Persians, describing the Greeks as speaking the same language, having common sanctuaries, rituals, and systems of belief, being of the same blood, and sharing customs of like fashion.

European ethnicities are most accurately and consistently defined along linguistic lines as Europeans are often so similar culturally, religiously, and genetically that it is generally accepted among ethnographers that language is the best way to divide the European race into its constituent European ethnicities. If Europeans did not speak separate languages it is very likely Europeans would ultimately come to form a singular ethnicity in the way that the Han Chinese, who outnumber Europeans by a few hundred million, have become the world's largest ethnic group based on the high degree of mutual intelligibility of the various Chinese dialects. While the ethnolinguistic approach might upset some European groups, such as the Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, and Montenegrins who together form the Serbian ethnicity, it is the only method that can be objectively and wholistically applied to all Europeans. For reference, major ethnic groups originating from neighboring Asia listed by total population include such peoples as the Chinese, Arabs, Bengalis, Japanese, Punjabis, Javanese, Marathi, Telugu, Turks, Koreans, Vietnamese, Tamils, Malays, Gujarati, and Persians.

Of the twenty-eight European ethnicities thirteen are made up of multiple subethnicities, while the remaining fifteen are a singular ethnicity that cannot be further divided into subethnicities. A subethnicity is a concept that describes the prominent regional divisions of an ethnic group. Within the European race it is generally accepted that there are only significant enough pressures for distinct subethnicities to emerge when ethnic groups are separated into different countries over significant periods of time, as while there will always be a multitude of small regional differences in things like accent or cuisine within European ethnic groups, these are not significant enough to constitute a new subethnicity. For example, in France while there are certainly differences between the French of Normandy and Occitania they are not sufficient for the Normans and Occitanians to be separate subethnicities of the French ethnicity. However, the French of Wallonia in the country of Belgium have been subject to a separate government for long enough that the Walloons have become a separate subethnicity from the French of France even though they all still remain French. Two examples of European ethnicities that cannot be further divided into subethnicities are the Russians and Ukrainians. While Russian and Ukrainian communities exist to varying degrees across all post-Soviet states none of them are large enough and have been politically separated long enough to form subethnicities that are distinct from the foundational Russian and Ukrainian ethnicities that can be found in Russia and Ukraine. 

Due to the structure of some European languages occasionally there are Europeans who initially struggle differentiating between the concepts of ethnicity and citizenship. However, this is not the case within many European languages and cultures. For example in Russia, a vast and diverse country with many distinct groups forming its citizenry, there are two Russian words which are commonly translated into English as "Russians". One is "Pусские" (Russkiye), which means "ethnic Russians"; another is "Pоссияне" (Rossiyane), which denotes "Russian Federation citizens", regardless of ethnicity. In understanding the European ethnicities it is important to remember that there is no European country where all of the citizenry are formed by a particular ethnic group and there are many European ethnic groups which predominate across multiple European countries.  

The fact that the number of European countries exceeds the number of European ethnicities is largely due to Europeans leaving Europe during the Third European Golden Age from 1492 to 1914 to conquer and permanently settle sparsely populated regions that would eventually become independent countries from their mother country due to geographic distance and growing population. European settler colonialism by the British, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch would see the development of unique subethnicities far away from their ancestral homelands. The British who settled in the Americas and Oceania would eventually emerge as the distinct British subethnicities of Americans, Canadians, Australians, and New Zealanders and found the countries of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand where they all continue to form the largest nationality to this day. Similarly, the Spanish and Portuguese who settled in the Americas began to diverge from the Spanish and Portuguese of Iberia. Then as a result of the French conquest of Spain and Portugal during the Napoleonic Wars, between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico would slip out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region for some three hundred years to become independent countries like Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, or Colombia with the indigenous Spanish and Portuguese of these recently independent countries solidifying into new subethnicities like Brazilians, Mexicans, Argentines, Venezuelans, or Colombians. In some countries like Argentina or Cuba the Spanish subethnicity of Argentines or Cubans form the overwhelming majority of the population, whereas in other countries like Bolivia or Guatemala the Spanish subethnicity of Bolivians or Guatemalans form a small minority of the population. 

From 1492 to 1914 some sixty-five million Europeans left Europe to permanently live in European settler states. Over the generations nearly all these European immigrants or their descendants would acculturate, assimilate, and interbreed with members of the pre-existing European subethnicity to raise their children as part of those subethnicities. This is the process by which the roughly sixty-five million Europeans who left Europe like Italians, Germans, or Poles would ultimately have descendants like Americans, Brazilians, or Argentines. 

The extent to which it is controversial to publicly accept the objective existence of any particular European ethnicity or subethnicity is principally determined by the wealth of the country they control and how welcoming it is to non-Europeans. It is largely uncontroversial when speaking to non-Europeans to affirm the obvious fact that there are Bulgarian, Romanian, or Serbian ethnicities as the countries which these ethnicities founded and predominate in are currently not rich enough to attract significant non-European immigration and non-European immigrants are largely unable to gain citizenship. However, in Western Europe and the Anglosphere, which form the wealthiest and most tolerant parts of the European World, it has become increasingly controversial to observe the equally obvious fact that there are such ethnicities as the British, German, Dutch, or French. This is primarily because newly arrived non-European immigrants to these regions are afraid that if the British, Germans, Dutch, or French were to have a strong sense of ethnic and racial consciousness they might be less tolerant of non-Europeans achieving positions of economic, political, cultural, religious, and demographic power in their countries. Therefore, non-Europeans are heavily incentivized to prevent the spread of the objective truth of the existence of ethnicities like the British, German, Dutch, or French by any means necessary. This pattern will almost assuredly continue to play itself out across the rest of the European World as Eastern Europe continues rapidly economically developing following their transition from communism to capitalism. Soon it will be nearly as dangerous to publicly highlight the existence of the Polish, Czech, Hungarian, or Romanian ethnicities as it currently is to publicly highlight the existence of the British, German, Dutch, or French ethnicities.

1. British 270m The British are the largest European ethnicity with roughly 270 million British primarily spread across the Anglosphere. The British natively speak the English language, share a common British culture, have shared British ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The British ethnicity is comprised of nine subethnicities including the Americans, English, Canadians, Australians, Irish, Scottish, New Zealanders, Welsh, and Cape Brits and is indigenous to the countries of United States, England, Canada, Australia, Ireland, Scotland, New Zealand, Wales, and South Africa. While historically the English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh were distinct from each other over the centuries they so thoroughly culturally, linguistically, and genetically intermixed that a singular ethnicity arose among them. Of these four groups the English were by far the largest and most powerful and so their language and culture would have the largest impact on this mixture which is why is the terms English or Anglo are broadly synonymous with the term British.

   1. Americans 180m

   2. English 38.1m

   3. Canadians 18.4m

   4. Australians 17.4m

   5. Irish 4.7m

   6. Scottish 4.6m

   7. New Zealanders 3.2m

   8. Welsh 2m

   9. Cape Brits 1.6m

2. Spanish 178m The Spanish are the second largest European ethnicity with roughly 178 million Spanish primarily spread across the Hispanosphere. The Spanish natively speak the Spanish language, share a common Spanish culture, have shared Spanish ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The Spanish ethnicity is comprised of twenty subethnicities including the Mexicans, Spaniards, Argentines, Venezuelans, Colombians, Chileans, Cubans, Costa Ricans, Uruguayans, Paraguayans, Dominicans, Peruvians, Nicaraguans, Salvadorans, Bolivians, Puerto Ricans, Guatemalans, Ecuadorians, Panamanians, and Hondurans and is indigenous to the countries of Mexico, Spain, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Cuba, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Paraguay, Dominican, Peru, Nicaragua, Salvador, Bolivia, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Panama, and Honduras. Estimating the exact number of Spanish across the world is very difficult as many Spanish in the Americas will select "Mestizo" on surveys as they often have a notable amount of Amerindian genetic admixture due to interbreeding between Spanish and Amerindians over the centuries of their coexistence. However, it is extremely rare that someone from Hispanic America will have a genetic profile that is exactly 50% European and 50% Amerindian. Based on genetic studies it appears that roughly two-thirds of those identifying as "Mestizo" are in fact Amerindian and roughly one-third are in fact European with the actual number of "Mestizos" being at most only a couple percent of this category. Therefore, the actual number of Spanish almost certainly exceeds census data with roughly one-third of "Mestizos" from Hispanic American countries being Spanish and two-thirds being semi-Hispanicized Amerindians such as Mayans, Nahuas, Quechua, or Guarani.

   1. Mexicans 42m

   2. Argentines 38m

   3. Spaniards 36m

   4. Venezuelans 13m

   5. Colombians 11m

   6. Chileans 10m

   7. Cubans 7m

   8. Costa Ricans 3.5m

   9. Uruguayans 3m

   10. Paraguayans 2.5m

   11. Peruvians 2.3m

   12. Ecuadorians 2m

   13. Puerto Ricans 1.6m

   14. Dominicans 1.5m

   15. Nicaraguans 1.1m

   16. Hondurans .9m

   17. Salvadorans .8m

   18. Bolivians .7m

   19. Guatemalans .6m

   20. Panamanians .5m

3. Russians 125m The Russians are the third largest European ethnicity with roughly 125 million Russians primarily spread across the Russosphere. The Russians natively speak the Russian language, share a common Russian culture, have shared Russian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Russians are indigenous to the country of Russia and are a significant portion of the population in the countries of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Latvia, and Estonia. While historically Uralic European ethnic groups that were indigenous to Russia like the Komi, Udmurts, Mari, and Mordvins were distinct from the Russians, over the centuries they were so thoroughly Russified adopting the Russian language and culture combined with interbreeding with Russians such that nearly all the descendants of the historic Uralic Europeans of Russia are today Russian. 

4. Portuguese 103m The Portuguese are the fourth largest European ethnicity with roughly 103 million Portuguese primarily spread across the Lusosphere. The Portuguese natively speak the Portuguese language, share a common Portuguese culture, have shared Portuguese ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The Portuguese ethnicity is comprised of three subethnicities including the Brazilians, Portuguese, and Galicians and is indigenous to the countries of Brazil and Portugal and the region of Galicia.

   1. Brazilians 88m

   2. Portuguese 12.3m

   3. Galicians 2.7m

5. Germans 78m The Germans are the fifth largest European ethnicity with roughly 78 million Germans. The Germans natively speak the German language, share a common German culture, have shared German ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The German ethnicity is comprised of four subethnicities including the Germans, Austrians, Swiss, and Luxembourgers and is indigenous to the countries of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Luxembourg.

   1. Germans 72.6m

   2. Austrians 7.4m

   3. Swiss 5m

   4. Luxembourgers .3m

6. French 70m The French are the sixth largest European ethnicity with roughly 70 million French primarily spread across the Francophonie. The French natively speak the French language, share a common French culture, have shared French ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The French ethnicity is comprised of four subethnicities including the French, Quebecers, Walloons, and Romandy and is indigenous to the country of France and the regions of Quebec, Wallonia, and Romandy.

   1. French 55m

   2. Quebecers 7m

   3. Walloons 3.2m

   4. Romands 2m

7. Italians 55m The Italians are the seventh largest European ethnicity with roughly 55 million Italians. The Italians natively speak the Italian language, share a common Italian culture, have shared Italian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The Italian ethnicity is comprised of three subethnicities including the Italians, Ticinos, and Maltese and is indigenous to the countries of Italy and Malta and the region of Ticino.

   1. Italians 53m

   2. Ticinos .7m

   3. Maltese .4m

8. Ukrainians 42m The Ukrainians are the eighth largest European ethnicity with roughly 42 million Ukrainians. The Ukrainians natively speak the Ukrainian language, share a common Ukrainian culture, have shared Ukrainian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Ukrainians are indigenous to the country of Ukraine.

9. Poles 40m The Poles are the ninth largest European ethnicity with roughly 40 million Poles. The Poles natively speak the Polish language, share a common Polish culture, have shared Polish ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Poles are indigenous to the country of Poland.

10. Dutch 27m The Dutch are the tenth largest European ethnicity with roughly 27 million Dutch. The Dutch natively speak the Dutch language, share a common Dutch culture, have shared Dutch ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The Dutch ethnicity is comprised of three subethnicities including the Dutch, Flemish, and Afrikaners and is indigenous to the country of Netherlands and South Africa and the regions of Flanders.

    1. Dutch 17m

    2. Flemish 6.9m

    3. Afrikaners 3.1m

11. Romanians 22m The Romanians are the eleventh largest European ethnicity with roughly 22 million Romanians. The Romanians natively speak the Romanian language, share a common Romanian culture, have shared Romanian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The Romanian ethnicity is comprised of two subethnicities including the Romanians and Moldovans and is indigenous to the countries of Romania and Moldova.

    1. Romanians 19.8m

    2. Moldovans 2.2m

12. Czechs 16m The Czechs are the twelfth largest European ethnicity with roughly 16 million Czechs. The Czechs natively speak the Czech language, share a common Czech culture, have shared Czech ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The Czech ethnicity is comprised of two subethnicities including the Czechs and Slovaks and is indigenous to the countries of Czechia and Slovakia.

    1. Czechs 10.3m

    2. Slovaks 5.7m

13. Serbs 15m The Serbs are the thirteenth largest European ethnicity with roughly 15 million Serbs. The Serbs natively speak the Serbian language, share a common Serbian culture, have shared Serb ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition with a small minority having a Muslim religious tradition. The Serb ethnicity is comprised of four subethnicities including the Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, and Montenegrins and is indigenous to the countries of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Montenegro. Including the Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, and Montenegrins together as part of a broader Serbian ethnicity is controversial as these groups are among the most dissimilar to each other of all the European subethnicities as the Serbs and Montenegrins are of a Orthodox Christian background and use the Cyrillic script to write the Serbian language, whereas the Croats are of a Catholic Christian background and the Bosniaks are of Sunni Islamic background with both using the Latin script to write the Serbian language. Furthermore, tensions between these groups in the past few decades are among the highest they have been for a millennia as these groups very recently fought against each other in the Yugoslav Wars as their formerly shared country of Yugoslavia dissolved along subethnic lines. However, these four subethnicities are so interrelated genetically, culturally, and linguistically that categorizing them as separate ethnicities would be intellectually disingenuous and likely only done for modern political purposes.

    1. Serbs 7.7m

    2. Croats 4.2m

    3. Bosniaks 2.7m

    4. Montenegrins .4m

14. Hungarians 14m The Hungarians are the fourteenth largest European ethnicity with roughly 14 million Czechs. The Hungarians natively speak the Hungarian language, share a common Hungarian culture, have shared Hungarian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Hungarians are indigenous to the country of Hungary.

15. Greeks 13m The Greeks are the fifteenth largest European ethnicity with roughly 13 million Greeks. The Greeks natively speak the Greek language, share a common Greek culture, have shared Greek ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. The Greek ethnicity is comprised of two subethnicities including the Greeks and Cypriots and is indigenous to the countries of Greece and Cyprus.

    1. Greeks 12.2m

    2. Cypriots .8m

16. Swedes 11m The Swedes are the sixteenth largest European ethnicity with roughly 11 million Swedes. The Swedes natively speak the Swedish language, share a common Swedish culture, have shared Swedish ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Swedish are indigenous to the country of Sweden.

17. Catalans 9m The Catalans are the seventeenth largest European ethnicity with roughly 9 million Catalans. The Catalans natively speak the Catalan language, share a common Catalan culture, have shared Catalan ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Catalans are indigenous to the country of Andorra and the regions of Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands.

18. Bulgarians 7m The Bulgarians are the eighteenth largest European ethnicity with roughly 7 million Bulgarians. The Bulgarians natively speak the Bulgarian language, share a common Bulgarian culture, have shared Bulgarian ancestry, and maintain a Christian religious tradition. The Bulgarian ethnicity is comprised of two subethnicities including the Bulgarians and North Macedonians and is indigenous to the countries of Bulgaria and North Macedonia.

    1. Bulgarians 5.7m

    2. North Macedonians 1.3m

19. Danes 6m The Danes are the nineteenth largest European ethnicity with roughly 6 million Danes. The Danes natively speak the Danish language, share a common Danish culture, have shared Danish ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Danes are indigenous to the country of Denmark.

20. Finns 5.5m The Finns are the twentieth largest European ethnicity with roughly 5.5 million Finns. The Finns natively speak the Finnish language, share a common Finnish culture, have shared Finnish ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Finns are indigenous to the country of Finland.

21. Albanians 5m The Albanians are the twenty-first largest European ethnicity with roughly 5 million Albanians. The Albanians natively speak the Albanian language, share a common Albanian culture, have shared Albanian ancestry, and have both a Christian and Muslim religious tradition. The Albanian ethnicity is comprised of two subethnicities including the Albanians and Kosovars and is indigenous to the countries of Albania and Kosovo.

    1. Albanians 3.3m

    2. Kosovars 1.7m

22. Norwegians 4.5m The Norwegians are the twenty-second largest European ethnicity with roughly 4.5 million Norwegians. The Norwegians natively speak the Norwegian language, share a common Norwegian culture, have shared Norwegian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Norwegians are indigenous to the country of Norway.

23. Lithuanians 2.5m The Lithuanians are the twenty-third largest European ethnicity with roughly 2.5 million Lithuanians. The Lithuanians natively speak the Lithuanian language, share a common Lithuanian culture, have shared Lithuanian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Lithuanians are indigenous to the country of Lithuania.

24. Basques 2.3m The Basques are the twenty-sixth largest European ethnicity with roughly 2.3 million Basques. The Basques natively speak the Basque language, share a common Basque culture, have shared Basque ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Basques are indigenous to the region of Basque Country.

25. Slovenes 2m The Slovenes are the twenty-fourth largest European ethnicity with roughly 2 million Slovenes. The Slovenes natively speak the Slovene language, share a common Slovene culture, have shared Slovenian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Slovenians are indigenous to the country of Slovenia.

26. Latvians 1.5m The Latvians are the twenty-fifth largest European ethnicity with roughly 1.5 million Latvians. The Latvians natively speak the Latvian language, share a common Latvian culture, have shared Latvian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Latvians are indigenous to the country of Latvia.

27. Estonians 1m The Estonians are the twenty-seventh largest European ethnicity with roughly 1 million Estonians. The Estonians natively speak the Estonian language, share a common Estonian culture, have shared Estonian ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Estonians are indigenous to the country of Estonia.

28. Icelanders .5m The Icelanders are the twenty-eighth largest European ethnicity with roughly .5 million Icelanders. The Icelanders natively speak the Icelander language, share a common Icelander culture, have shared Icelander ancestry, and have a Christian religious tradition. Icelanders are indigenous to the country of Iceland.

European Civilization

European Civilization, also known as Western Civilization, broadly refers to the interconnected cultural, religious, and intellectual traditions created by Europeans across the European World over the millennia. The European World, also known as the Western World or Occident, is generally defined as the regions of the earth where Europeans form the largest group. The term Occident comes from the Latin word occidens which means "sunset" or "west", in contrast to the Orient which comes from the Latin word oriens, meaning "rise" or "east". 

European World

The European world is principally formed by the fifty-seven European countries. A European country is any country founded by Europeans in which Europeans form the largest group within society. At the onset of the European World Wars in 1914, which brought an end to the centuries-long Third European Golden Age, there were more European countries in the world than there are today. However, due to Europeans having a lower birth rate than non-Europeans and the mass migration of non-Europeans into historically European countries the number of European countries has been reduced and will continue to diminish in the coming decades. 

European Countries

The current fifty-seven European countries listed by population are: United States, Brazil, Russia, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Argentina, Poland, Canada, Ukraine, Venezuela, Australia, Romania, Chile, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Czechia, Greece, Portugal, Cuba, Hungary, Belarus, Austria, Switzerland, Serbia, Bulgaria, Denmark, Slovakia, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Costa Rica, Ireland, Croatia, Uruguay, Moldova, Bosnia, Albania, Lithuania, Slovenia, Latvia, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Estonia, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Malta, Iceland, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City. 

Across the European Countries of the European World there are currently 127 nexuses of combined political, economic, cultural, and religious power. These nexuses of power are political capitals that are the center of major metropolitan areas with more than two million people living in a 80 kilometer radius, which is the farthest realistic semi-regular commute an individual can make. Some political capitals are the capitals of countries, while others are the capitals of first-level administrative divisions like states, provinces, or oblasts. Many European countries have only one nexus of power as they only have one sizeable metropolitan area or because they are so heavily centralized that all meaningful legislative authority is concentrated in the capital city. In nearly all European countries, with the notable exception of the United States and to a lesser extent Canada and Germany, the largest city in a first-level administrative division is almost always its capital. While major European population centers that are not capitals like New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago in United States or Birmingham and Manchester in United Kingdom or Leipzig and Nuremberg in Germany all have significant amounts of economic, cultural, and religious power they lack the ultimate form of power which is political power. No corporation, film studio, or religious organization can forcefully bend people to their will through the lawful use of organized violence, and so their power primarily comes from influencing the thought process of those who hold political power. 

The current 127 nexuses of power across the European Countries of the European World are Washington, Boston, Atlanta, Providence Hartford, Phoenix, Sacramento, Denver, Saint Paul, Raleigh, Austin, Salt Lake City, Columbus, Indianapolis, and Nashville in United States; São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Porto Alegre, Fortaleza, Recife, Salvador, Curitiba, Campinas, Manaus, Goiânia, Belém, Vitória, Natal, and João Pessoa in Brazil; Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, and Nizhny Novgorod in Russia; Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart, Hannover, and Bremen in Germany; London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast in United Kingdom; Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, and Strasbourg in France; Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Bologna, Bari, and Florence in Italy; Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, and Bilbao in Spain; Buenos Aires and Córdoba in Argentina; Warsaw, Katowice, Kraków, Gdańsk, Poznań, and Łódź in Poland; Toronto and Ottawa in Canada; Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, and Donetsk in Ukraine; Caracas, Maracaibo, Valencia, Maracay, and Barquisimeto in Venezuela; Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Perth in Australia; Bucharest in Romania; Santiago and Valparaíso in Chile; Amsterdam and Hague in Netherlands; Brussels and Antwerp in Belgium; Stockholm in Sweden; Prague in Czechia; Athens in Greece; Lisbon and Porto in Portugal; Havana in Cuba; Budapest in Hungary; Minsk in Belarus; Vienna in Austria; Bern and Zurich in Switzerland; Belgrade in Serbia; Sofia in Bulgaria; Copenhagen in Denmark; Bratislava in Slovakia; Helsinki in Finland; Auckland in New Zealand; Oslo in Norway; San José in Costa Rica, Dublin in Ireland; Zagreb in Croatia; Montevideo in Uruguay; Chișinău in Moldova; Tirana in Albania; Ljubljana in Slovenia; Skopje in North Macedonia; Pristina in Kosovo; and Luxembourg City in Luxembourg.

If current demographic trends are to continue or accelerate then within the next few decades the number of European countries will diminish from fifty-seven to forty-nine as Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay become Amerindian countries; Australia and New Zealand become Asian countries; and Brazil becomes an African country. All of the once European countries of Central and South America, with the exception of Brazil, will likely become Amerindian due to the higher birthrate of Amerindians than Europeans in these countries, combined with the mass migration of Amerindians from the poorer and less developed Amerindian regions of Central and South America into these wealthier and more developed European regions of Central and South America, as well as the emigration of Europeans to Europe and North America. Australia and New Zealand will likely become Asian countries as the mass migration of Asians into these countries continues, and Europeans begin to emigrate to Europe and North America in increasingly significant numbers. Brazil will likely become an African country as the African birthrate continues to outpace the European birthrate, Europeans emigrate to Europe and North America, Pardos are identified as Africans alongside Pretos as advocated for by the increasingly powerful Movimento Negro, and the mass migration of Africans to a more welcoming Brazil begins as the rapidly growing population of Africa strains the continent's carrying capacity. 

Religiosity, also known as as spirituality, is a belief in or connection to supernatural entities or forces that exist outside of the scientifically observable universe. Religiosity is a universal human trait and has been observed in every human grouping in recorded history. Many anthropologists theorize that religiosity arose among humans as they developed consciousness and high intelligence, as without some sense of transcendental purpose a highly intelligent species capable of reason and abstract thought would collapse into nihilism and go extinct from a failure to reproduce itself. 

Christianity has been the defining religious expression of Europeans for more than a millennium and a half since Christianity was embraced by Roman Emperor Constantine in 313, codified into a unified religion through meetings such as the Council of Nicaea in 325, and finally made the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380. The three pillars of European Christianity are Catholicism, which is largely defined by Latin European peoples; Protestantism, which is largely defined by Germanic European peoples; and Orthodoxy, which is largely defined by Slavic European peoples. Prior to the advent of ocean-going ships the spread of Christianity outside of Europe was very limited and mostly constrained by the Islamic Arabs, Tatars, and Turks with war between these groups and Europeans being nearly constant. 

As a distinct religion Christianity primarily emerged as a syncretic fusion of Greco-Italian Paganism and Judaism. Though Greco-Italian Paganism is often understood to primarily be a continuation and expansion of the Proto-Indo-European religion, the development of Judaism was much more heavily influenced by Semitic peoples like the ancient Canaanites and Babylonians with only the general foundations of Judaism inspired by the Proto-Indo-European religion. The Proto-Indo-European religion was centered around worship of a "God the Father", known as "Dyḗus Phatḗr" in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language, who ruled the cosmos. It is widely believed that over time the concept of a "Dyḗus Phatḗr" would be come to known as Zeus by the Greeks, Jupiter by the Italians, Odin by the Norse, Brahma by the Indians, and Yahweh by the Israelis as the broad outlines of the cosmology promulgated by the Proto-Indo-Europeans have continued on throughout the millennia and into the present day.

Europe and the European World is intimately connected with the concept of Christendom, with some scholars even asserting that during the First European Dark Age following the collapse of the Roman Empire it was primarily the unifying practice of Christianity that allowed Europeans to retain a strong sense of common racial identity. This became especially apparent after Christianity in the narrow strip of fertile land that rings the Mediterranean Sea in Africa and Asia that historically was deeply interconnected with Europe was Islamized by the Arab conquests of the 7th century. Though Europeans would attempt to reclaim their cultural and religious predominance in these regions with the Crusades they would ultimately fail and today many parts of the world many thousands of kilometers away from Europe are more culturally and religiously similar to Europe than the Mediterranean parts of Africa and Asia that are only a few hundred kilometers from Europe. 

The Great Schism of the 11th century would see the Greek and Slavic European peoples of Eastern Europe split from the Latin and Germanic European peoples of Western Europe to form modern Orthodoxy and Catholicism with the Reformation of the 16th century seeing the Germanic Europeans of Northwest Europe splitting from the Latin Europeans of Southwest Europe to form Protestantism. While these changes were nominally precipitated by theological disagreements, particularly in the case of Protestantism, they were primarily driven by historically insurmountable cultural and political differences between Latin, Germanic, and Slavic Europeans. 

Presently within the European race there exists nineteen national churches. A national church is a hierarchical, centralized religious organization in which a majority or plurality of a particular European ethnic or subethnic group are formal members. These national churches are often deeply tied to their respective nation-states and receive advantageous government treatment ranging from public promotion to preferential financial treatment. The vast majority of Europeans around the world belong to one of these nineteen national churches and in most European countries the majority of the population are members of these national churches. These churches listed by number of members are: Catholic Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Orthodox Church of Ukraine, Church of England, Evangelical Church in Germany, Romanian Orthodox Church, Church of Greece, Serbian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Church of Sweden, Church of Denmark, Church of Norway, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, Church of Scotland, Macedonian Orthodox Church, Church of Cyprus, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia, Church of Iceland, and Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church. Participation in Christianity by Europeans outside of a national church was largely limited to the United States historically, though after the United States rose to become the sole European superpower after the European World Wars the tens of thousands of various Protestant churches founded in the United States found some success attracting European members outside the United States. As non-national churches are much smaller and more disorganized compared to national churches they are generally shaped by state power as reflections of the popular culture and will come and go according to the changing tastes and preferences of their donors. While an individual European may participate in a non-national church for personal reasons such as individual fulfilment or socialization opportunities there is little to no viability to calculatedly lobby the church's hierarchy to adopt positions or take actions that could bring about broader governmental or societal changes.   

Across the fifty-seven European countries of the European world the Catholic Church is the largest and most powerful religious organization in thirty-six European countries, various Orthodox Churches are the largest and most powerful religious organizations in thirteen European countries, and various Protestant Churches are the largest and most powerful religious organizations in eight European countries. Historically, various Protestant Churches were the largest and most powerful religious organizations in six more European countries than today including the Anglican Church in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand; the Evangelical Church in Germany; and the Dutch Reformed Church in Netherlands. However, over the generations Protestants would leave these national churches to join minor Protestant organizations, become Catholic, or become nominally irreligious. It is quite possible that in the coming decades the Catholic Church will become the largest and most powerful religious organization in every country of the European World outside of certain parts of Eastern Europe. The Catholic Church is the largest and most powerful religious organization in United States, Brazil, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Argentina, Poland, Canada, Venezuela, Australia, Chile, Netherlands, Belgium, Czechia, Portugal, Cuba, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Slovakia, New Zealand, Costa Rica, Ireland, Croatia, Uruguay, Albania, Lithuania, Slovenia, Luxembourg, Malta, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City. The Russian Orthodox Church is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Russia, Belarus, and Moldova. The Church of England is the largest and most powerful religious organization in United Kingdom. The Orthodox Church of Ukraine is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Ukraine. The Romanian Orthodox Church is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Romania and Moldova. The Church of Sweden is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Sweden. The Church of Greece is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Greece. The Serbian Orthodox Church is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Bulgaria. The Church of Denmark is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Denmark. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Finland. The Church of Norway is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Norway. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Latvia. The Macedonian Orthodox Church is the largest and most powerful religious organization in North Macedonia. The Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Estonia. The Church of Cyprus is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Cyprus. The Church of Iceland is the largest and most powerful religious organization in Iceland.

In recent generations some Europeans have argued that due to the universalistic nature and partially non-European origins of Christianity, Europeans should create new religions or return to pre-Christian European paganism such as the Greco-Roman religion or Old Norse religion. However, nearly all Europeans who explicitly abandon and denounce Christianity become nominally secular and this is likely to remain the general trend for the foreseeable future. Across the course of human history as civilizations develop over the millennia they generally follow a religious pattern of animism and then polytheism and then monotheism and then agnosticism and finally atheism with each particular tradition syncretically fusing with the previous. Christianity, as a syncretic fusion of Judaism and Greco-Roman paganism, was in the right place and right time as the most developed monotheistic tradition among Europeans within the Roman Empire to overtake the polytheistic Greco-Roman religion as Europeans reached higher levels of human development. Were it not for Christianity it is quite possible that the competing monotheistic cults like that of Sol Invictus or Mithras would have evolved to become the preeminent religion of Europeans today. 

While occasionally modern Europeans will dabble in aspects of Asian religions like Buddhism, Islam, or even Hinduism it is exceedingly rare for a European to convert to a non-Christian religion and faithfully practice that religion for the rest of their life. Though some modern Europeans may have grown up in nominally secular homes nearly all of the European ancestors of Europeans have been at least nominally Christian for a thousand years or more. Furthermore, the cultural and moral foundation of European civilization is still to be found in Christianity even if many modern Europeans increasingly no longer hold a strong literal belief in all of the spiritual tenets of Christianity. 

Currently Europeans are in the process of transitioning from a predominately monotheistic culture to a predominately secular culture as Christianity rapidly collapses among Europeans across the world. In the coming generations Christianity will almost certainly trend towards becoming increasingly defined by Africans in particular and to a lesser extent Amerindians who are at a different stage of development in their civilizational cycle and therefore have significantly higher levels of religiosity. While historically for essentially the entire history of Christianity as a codified religion it was defined by Europeans, if current trends are to continue the spiritual explorations, proclivities, and innovations of Africans primarily and Amerindians secondarily will come to define the Christianity of the future. 

Christianity first saw widespread adoption among Amerindians and Africans as part of European Colonialism during the Third European Golden Age when Europeans would conquer and colonize nearly the entire world. Though Europeans would also conquer and colonize most of Asia the Asian peoples had more developed societies and religions and therefore were generally unwilling to adopt Christianity. Though today there are slightly more African Christians than African Muslims it is almost certain that in the coming generations this trend will reverse as Islam overtakes Christianity to become the world's largest religion. Historically, Europeans were much more powerful than Southwest Asians and therefore Christianity was more widely spread than Islam. However, as Europeans rapidly secularize and lose interest in spreading their traditional religion and maintaining its footholds across the world the boundaries of Islam in Africa will begin to move southward and Africa will almost certainly become majority Muslim. 

It is quite possible that by the end of this century Protestantism among Europeans will be functionally extinct, with all the historic Protestant churches like the Anglicans and Lutherans largely having collapsed as the Germanic Europeans, which historically defined European Protestantism, will be the furthest along in their transition to secularism. Protestantism may well split off from historic Christianity as defined by the Catholic and Orthodox to form an entirely new religion. Just as how Mormonism would branch off from Christianity to form what the vast majority of theologians would consider to be a distinct, though still highly related, religion in its own right Protestantism will quite possibly do the same. If current trends are to continue the vast majority of Protestants will soon be Africans and Amerindians, mostly Pentecostals, and their spiritual explorations and innovations will come to define Protestantism. In the future when a European thinks of a modern Protestant they will likely not think of a German Lutheran or an English Anglican or even an American Baptist, but instead of an African or Amerindian vaguely Pentecostal pastor who has never been to seminary or had any formal theological training faith healing, prophesying, making animal sacrifices, speaking in tongues, and promising congregants that if they tithe to him their investment will be paid back tenfold. Just as Christianity became an independent religion through the syncretic fusion of Judaism and Greco-Roman paganism so too Protestantism may well become an independent religion through the syncretic fusion of Christianity and traditional African and Amerindian spiritual practices. 

European Settler Colonialism

During the Third European Golden Age Europeans would conquer nearly the entirety of the earth. Many parts of the world were already densely populated and so they would be governed by a small number of European administrators such as the British Raj which covered modern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar or French Indochina which covered modern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. However, in regions that did not already have a large population with a relatively temperate climate Europeans would permanently settle in significant numbers to become a majority of the population in a process known as European Settler Colonialism. These regions were North America, the Southern Cone of South America, Australasia, Siberia, and Southernmost Africa. Of the roughly sixty-five million Europeans who left Europe in the past few centuries more than ninety percent would settle in these regions. Today, the European Diaspora is formed by more than a half billion Europeans permanently residing outside of Europe with roughly 221 million British, 141 million Spanish, 88 million Portuguese, 30 million Russians, 7 million French, and 3 million Dutch forming the core of the diaspora. 

While all Europeans would participate in and benefit from global conquest and colonization to varying degrees only the British, Spanish, Portuguese, Russians, French, and Dutch would be able to replicate their homelands outside of Europe through directly controlled, large-scale settlement. Though the Germans, Italians, Swedish, and Danish would also establish empires outside of Europe the few areas they controlled that were suitable for large-scale European permanent settlement were ruled for an insufficient period of time for them to replicate their societies. 

The process of European Settler Colonialism would lead to the creation of twenty-seven new European subethnicities. Five British subethnicities including the Americans, Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, and Cape Brits; nineteen Spanish subethnicities including the Mexicans, Spaniards, Argentines, Venezuelans, Colombians, Chileans, Cubans, Costa Ricans, Uruguayans, Paraguayans, Dominicans, Peruvians, Nicaraguans, Salvadorans, Bolivians, Puerto Ricans, Guatemalans, Ecuadorians, Panamanians, and Hondurans; one Portuguese subethnicity being the Brazilians; one French subethnicity being the Quebecers; and one Dutch subethnicity being the Afrikaners. Since the Russians who left Europe to cross the Ural Mountains to settle Siberia were geographically contiguous with their ancestral homeland and never became an independent country they did not evolve into a distinct subethnicity and remained part of the original Russian ethnicity. 

British Settler Colonialism

The first permanently inhabited city established by the British outside of Europe was Jamestown in 1607, which is today part of the Hampton Roads region of Virginia in the United States. Today, the Americans, Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, and Cape Brits are the five British groups found outside of Europe. The Americans, Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, and Cape Brits are British subethnicities that share a common culture, ancestry, history, religion, and language that are indigenous to the countries of United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. These first four countries in which Britons predominate, together with United Kingdom and Ireland, are usually collectively referred to as the Anglosphere. The term Anglosphere is derived from Anglo, which is a prefix indicating a relation to England, English culture, English people, or English language. The term Anglo is often used to describe Britons or British things, in a similar manner to how Hispanic is often used to describe Spaniards or Spanish things. 

Of the approximately 221 million British residing outside of Europe roughly 198.4 million are either Americans or Canadians, with their deeply interrelated cultures largely defining the modern British ethnicity. Britons have been by far the largest ethnic group in what is now United States and Canada for some 400 years. For the first 250 years of European settlement of what became United States and Canada the overwhelming majority of Europeans came from the British Isles, though there were notable populations from France and Netherlands. Beginning in the mid-19th century large numbers of Europeans from the rest of Northwestern Europe including Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway began to settle in United States and Canada. At the end of the 19th large numbers of Southern and Eastern Europeans, from places such as Italy, Poland, and Greece began arriving in United States and Canada. Beginning in the late 20th century European immigrants to the United States and Canada have principally been either Spanish or Portuguese from Central or South America or Russians, Ukrainians, or Belarussians from Eastern Europe. Roughly fifty million Europeans from Europe have migrated to what would become the United States and Canada over the centuries, with nearly half of these Europeans coming from the British Isles and Germany. From every single founding father to nearly all prominent politicians, scientists, intellectuals, artists, and businesspeople the European population of United States and Canada have been overwhelmingly responsible for the trajectory and culture of North America. 

Today, nearly all multi-generational Europeans in United States and Canada belong to one of the three indigenous European subethnic groups of North America, which are the Americans, Canadians, and Quebecers. In community surveys and censuses carried out by the United States government, the British Isles, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Poland, and Netherlands are the seven largest self-reported European ancestral regions. However, the number of people with predominately British ancestry in the United States is considered to be significantly under-counted, as many people in that demographic tend to put their ancestry as simply American or ignore questions about ancestry entirely. Similarly, the number of Europeans in the United States with predominately Spanish ancestry is also significantly under-counted as many people in that demographic tend to select the amorphous category of Latino. Genetic studies have consistently show that the average American is somewhere between one-quarter and one-third British genetically while the average Canadian is somewhere between one-third and one-half British genetically with average British ancestry being significantly higher than any other ancestry group.  

On the eve of the American War of Independence roughly 2.5 million Britons lived in North America, with nearly all of those living in the Thirteen Colonies. After the successful American War of Independence some 50,000 loyalist Americans would move to what would become Canada. In 1815, roughly 85% of the 210,000 Britons in Canada were from the newly formed United States. In 1850, the percentage of Britons in British Colonial Canada who were from the United States had dropped to 30%. After the War of 1812, the second unsuccessful American attempt to conquer Canada and unify North America, the United Kingdom heavily encouraged immigration from the British Isles to Canada in an attempt to dilute the American and Quebecer populations. Between 1815 and 1850, roughly 800,000 Britons from Europe arrived including 400,000 English, 300,000 Irish, and 100,000 Scottish.

For the first 92 years of the United States as an independent country only Europeans were allowed to become citizens. Africans were allowed to become citizens in 1868, after the ratification of the 14th amendment to the constitution. However, Africans were generally not allowed to marry Europeans or vote until the Civil Rights Movement a century later, and African immigration to the United States was not permitted. Amerindians were allowed to become citizens in 1924, but like Africans they were generally not allowed to marry Europeans or vote. Asians were not allowed to become citizens of the United States until 1952. Non-European immigration to the United States was extremely rare prior to the mid-20th century and was generally not allowed until the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952. 

Americans, sometimes known as Old Stock Americans or Anglo Americans, are by far the largest group in the United States. While the concept of an American ethnicity, or more precisely the American sub-ethnicity of the broader British ethnicity, can sometimes be controversial it is usually accepted that eventually nearly all the descendants of the European settlers over the centuries to the United States are or will eventually be American as their ancestors Anglicized and reproduced with Americans and raised their children as Americans. Though there are European groups that still remain non-American even after generations of coexistence, like the German Amish, they are rare and few in number. Beginning with a founding stock from the British Isles, Americans eventually came to encompass influences from across the rest of Europe. The American subethnicity is almost certainly the most pan-European of all the European ethnicities or subethnicites, which is likely the main reason Americans often colloquially refer to themselves as simply "whites". As European identity across Europe continues to transition from a more broad, multi-ethnic civilizational identity to an increasingly singular ethnic identity, with the European project of every deepening integration, the continental European identity is likely to mirror the American subethnicity more closely than any other European ethnicity or subethnicity. 

The exact number of both Europeans more broadly and Americans in particular who reside in the United States is difficult to calculate as the United States government has historically grouped together Europeans, West Asians, and North Africans together on the census, while relying on respondents reporting their single largest ancestry source to determine ethnicity. However, using a variety of sources the number of Americans could be calculated to be roughly 180 million, or a little more than half of the United States population. It is popular to further subdivide the American subethnicity into major regional varieties with Southerners, Midwesterners, Northeasterners, Southwesterners, Northwesterners, New Englanders, Appalachians, and Mormons being the most commonly postulated. However, the once significant difference between regional groupings has greatly diminished over the generations as Americans have increasingly become cultural homogenous. 

Sports invented by Americans and commonly associated with American culture include Baseball which was created in New York in 1845 by Alexander Cartright, American Football which was created in New Jersey in 1869 by Walter Camp, Basketball which was created in Massachusetts in 1891 by James Naismith, Volleyball which was created in Minnesota in 1895 by William Morgan, Water Skiing which was created in New York in 1952 by Ralph Samuelson, and Snowboarding which was created in Michigan in 1965 by Sherman Poppen. 

Americans are widely considered to have been humanity's most technologically impactful group throughout most of the late 19th, 20th, and early 21st centuries. Prominent American inventions include Light Bulbs in 1879 in New Jersey by Thomas Edison, Solar Cells in 1883 in New York by Charles Fritts, Photographic Film in 1885 in New York by George Eastman, Skyscrapers in 1885 in Illinois by William Le Baron Jenney, Air Conditioning in 1902 in New York by Willis Carrier, Airplanes in 1903 in North Carolina by Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright, Traffic Lights in 1912 in Utah by Lester Wire, Assembly Lines in 1913 in Michigan by Henry Ford, Frozen Food in 1929 in New York by Clarence Birdseye, Microwaves in 1945 in Massachusetts by Percy Spencer, Lasers in 1960 in California by Theodore Maiman, Personal Computers in 1971 in Pennsylvania by John Blankenbaker, Email in 1971 in Massachustetts by Ray Tomlinson, Universal Product Code in 1971 in North Carolina by George Laurer, Cellphones in 1971 in Illinois by Martin Cooper, Video Game Consoles in 1972 in New Hampshire by Ralph Baer, Magnetic Resonance Imaging in 1972 in New York by Raymond Damadian, Digital Cameras in 1975 in New York by Steven Sasson, 3D Printing in 1986 in Colorado by Chuck Hull, and GPS in 1994 in Maryland by Roger Easton. 

National personifications that anthropomorphically personify the American subethnicity include Uncle Sam, Lady Liberty, Columbia, Johnny Rebel, Billy Yank, Citizen Know Nothing, and Brother Jonathon. In Europe national personifications often take the Latin name of their ancient Roman province with examples of this including Britannia, Germania, Hibernia, Hispania, Helvetia, and Polonia. However, Americans have generally chose to collectively personify themselves through representations of the everyman, similar to John Bull in Britain or Deutscher Michel in Germany. 

Folk heroes whose personality and deeds, whether real, fictional, or mythological, have become embedded in the popular consciousness of Americans and are frequently mentioned in American songs, tales, art, and films include Pilgrims, John Smith, Betsy Ross, Patrick Henry, Molly Pitcher, Daniel Boone, Lewis and Clark, Paul Bunyan, Huck Finn, Rip Van Winkle, John Henry, Johnny Appleseed, Mike Fink, Cowboys, Rangers, Cavalry, Buffalo Bill, George Custer, Davy Crockett, Calamity Jane, Febold Feboldson, Wyatt Earp, Kit Carson, and Colonel Sanders. 

Americana refers to the cultural artifacts which are broadly representative or stereotypical of the unique identity, history, geography, folklore, and heritage of the American subethnicity. Prominent examples of Americana includes Captain America, Bigfoot, Jersey Devil, Superman, Mothman, Space Race, Spiderman, New England Witches, Route 66, Batman, Hot Rods, Hitchhiking, Cross-Country Skiing, Barber Shops, White Picket Fences, Hunting, Drive-in Movie Theatres, Monster Trucks, Boy Scouts, Pro Wrestling, Cotillions, Prep Schools, Summer Camp, Tent Revivals, Prom, Friday Night Lights, Soda Fountains, Ice Cream Parlors, Diners, Fast Food, Honky Tonks, and the Jukebox. 

With the development of cinema in the early 1900s Americans would film movies that captured the unique culture of Americans and the American subethnicity which they collectively form. In the 1940s some iconic films include Grapes of Wrath, Gone with the Wind, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Citizen Kane, Sergeant York, Yankee Doodle Dandy, Meet Me in St. Louis, The Bells of St. Mary's, and It's a Wonderful Life. In the 1950s some iconic films include Sunset Boulevard, A Streetcar Named Desire, High Noon, Singin' in the Rain, Oklahoma, Rebel Without a Cause, The Searchers, and North by Northwest. In the 1960s some iconic films include The Alamo, To Kill a Mockingbird, The Music Man, How the West Was Won, Cool Hand Luke, Bonnie and Clyde, Once Upon a Time in the West, Easy Rider, Midnight Cowboy, True Grit, and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. In the 1970s some iconic films include Goin' Down the Road, Patton, Nashville, Taxi Driver, Rocky, and Norma Rae. In the 1980s some iconic films include A Christmas Story, Red Dawn, Footloose, The Goonies, Back to the Future, Breakfast Club, Top Gun, Stand by Me, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Dirty Dancing, Wall Street, Field of Dreams, Dead Poets Society, and Born on the Fourth of July. In the 1990s some iconic films include Home Alone, Dances with Wolves, My Own Private Idaho, Last of the Mohicans, A League of Their Own, A River Runs Through It, Dazed and Confused, What's Eating Gilbert Grape, Gettysburg, Sandlot, Tombstone, Rudy, Sleepless in Seattle, Forrest Gump, Shawshank Redemption, Apollo 13, Fly Away Home, and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. 

Spanish Settler Colonialism

The first permanently inhabited city established by the Spanish outside of Europe was Santo Domingo in 1496, which is today the capital of the Dominican Republic and the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas. Today, there are roughly 141 million Spanish living outside of Europe. There are nineteen Spanish subethnicities found outside Europe including the Mexicans, Spaniards, Argentines, Venezuelans, Colombians, Chileans, Cubans, Costa Ricans, Uruguayans, Paraguayans, Dominicans, Peruvians, Nicaraguans, Salvadorans, Bolivians, Puerto Ricans, Guatemalans, Ecuadorians, Panamanians, and Hondurans. Together these Spanish subethnicities share a common culture, ancestry, history, religion, and language. The countries in which Spaniards predominate are usually collectively referred to as the Hispanosphere, with the part of this in the Americas being called Hispanic America. The term Hispanic is a prefix indicating a relation to Spain, Spanish culture, Spanish people, or Spanish language and is derived from the ancient Italians calling Spain "Hispania" and its inhabitants "Hispanus". 

The Spanish were the first Europeans to permanently settle the Americas, establishing the settlement of La Navidad on the island of Hispaniola in 1492 under the leadership of the Italian Christopher Columbus. Two years later under the direction of Pope Alexander VI, the two preeminent oceangoing European powers of the time Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the world outside of Europe between themselves in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, with Portugal having dominion over non-European lands in the world's eastern half, and Spain over those in the western half.

Spain conquered modern-day Mexico under Hernán Cortés in 1521 and modern-day Perú under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. By the mid-1500s Spain had exerted control over nearly the entirety of Central and South America outside of the Portuguese territory of modern-day Brazil. Over the course of 16th century roughly a quarter of a million Spanish would migrate to Central and South America. Meanwhile, the preexisting Amerindians were ravaged by European disease, conquest, and forced labor, with their population in these regions plummeting from an estimated fifty million in 1492 to eight million in 1650. 

The Spanish were also the first Europeans to permanently settle North America establishing the city of Saint Augustine in Florida in 1565, with Martín de Argüelles being the first European to be born in what would become the United States in 1566. While Spain once nominally controlled a significant portion of what would become the United States very few Spanish ever permanently settled this sparsely populated region, instead choosing to settle in the regions of Central and South America that were already densely populated by Amerindians so they could form the upper class of these societies. 

As a result of the French conquest of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars, between 1808 and 1826, all of modern countries of Hispanic America, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, would declare their independence from Spain. While the direct rule of Hispanic America from Madrid that had lasted for some three hundred years came to an end Spaniards would continue to hold the vast majority of economic, cultural, and political power within these societies for many generations to come. 

Portuguese Settler Colonialism

The first permanently inhabited city established by the Portuguese outside of Europe was São Vicente in 1532, which is today part of the Baixada Santista region of São Paulo in Brazil. Today, roughly 88 million Portuguese live outside of Europe with nearly all of these Portuguese being Brazilian. The Brazilians are the only Portuguese subethnicity found outside of Europe and share a common culture, ancestry, history, religion, and language with the Portuguese of Europe. 

Becoming independent from Portugal in 1822, today Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with the seventh largest population at some two hundred thirteen million people. The tenth largest economy Brazil is a middle income country with the eightieth highest gross domestic product per capita. Brazil is a highly diverse, multi-national country with many distinct ethnic groups forming its citizenry. Brazilians and other Europeans form roughly half the population of Brazil with the remainder of the population of Brazil being primarily African, with Amerindians and Asians also forming significant communities. Throughout much of the history of Brazil a culture of "branqueamento" or "whitening" was practiced wherein Brazilian and other European men were encouraged to produce children with non-European women. Therefore most people in Brazil have a diverse genome with most Europeans having some African or Amerindian matrilineal genetic admixture and most non-Europeans having some patrilineal European genetic admixture. 

Of the roughly twelve million African slaves brought to the Americas by Europeans nearly half went to Brazil and so the modern culture of Brazil is largely defined by the interchange between Europeans and Africans. Brazil sharply contrasts with the countries of Hispanic America where their modern societies are largely defined by the interchange between Europeans and Amerindians as they imported far fewer African slaves than Brazil and had much larger and more developed Amerindian communities. 

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries millions of Europeans from places like Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and Portugal would immigrate to Brazil, principally to the four southernmost states, in a pattern that would be similarly played out across the subtropical and temperate regions of South America like neighboring Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Interestingly, while most of the Europeans of the United States and Canada enjoy higher average incomes than in their ancestral homelands the opposite is generally the case for the Europeans of Brazil. While many Europeans in Brazil wish to return to their ancestral homelands in Europe or even move to North America immigration has become much more legally difficult than it was a century ago. 

Russian Settler Colonialism

The first permanently inhabited city established by the Russians outside of Europe was Tyumen in 1586, which is now the capital of the Tyumen Oblast of Russia. Today, roughly 30 million Russians live in Siberia, which is the name for the geographically Asian part of Russia which is divided from the geographically European part of Russia by the Ural Mountains. Russians form the vast majority of the population of Siberia being more than 80% of the modern population. 

Russian history traditionally begins with the establishment of the Rus' state in Novgorod in 862. However, the Russians were largely confined to the westernmost regions of modern Russia and were mostly conquered by the Mongols in 1240 and broadly ruled as part of the Golden Horde khanate until 1480. Upon freeing themselves from the yoke of the Mongolic and Turkic tribes the Russians, led by the Grand Duchy of Moscow, quickly began to expand eastwards and in 1581 the Russians crossed the Ural Mountains to conquer a region known as Yugra. Within a century virtually all of Siberia had been conquered and settled. 

As the Russians populated Siberia they would establish the cities that remain the largest and most important to this day including Krasnoyarsk in 1628, Irkutsk in 1661, Omsk in 1716, Yekaterinburg in 1723, Barnaul in 1730, Chelyabinsk in 1736, Vladivostok in 1880, and Novosibirsk in 1893. 

French Settler Colonialism

The first permanently inhabited city established by the French outside of Europe was Quebec City in 1608, which is now the capital of the Quebec province of Canada. Today, the Québécois, or Quebecers in English, are the only French group found outside of Europe. The Quebecers are a French subethnicity that share a common culture, ancestry, history, religion, and language that are indigenous to Quebec and surrounding areas such as northern New Brunswick and Maine. There are some 7 million Quebecers alive today, with major Quebecer cities including Montreal, Quebec City, and Gatineau. The Quebecers are one of four subethnicities of the broader of the French ethnicity along with the French, Walloons, and Romands. Genetic studies have shown the average Quebecer is around four-fifths French genetically.

The region that would become Quebec was first explored and claimed for the French by Jacques Cartier in 1534 who would name the area Canada. In 1608 permanent French settlement of what was then administered as New France would begin with the establishment of Quebec City with the first French person to be born in New France being Hélène Desportes in 1620. Over the generations successive waves of French settlers would undergo a process of ethnogenesis to become a distinct subethnicity within the broader French ethnicity. The Quebecers were conquered by the British during the French and Indian War and after New France was officially ceded from France to Britain in 1763 as part of the Treaty of Paris the Quebecers have been ruled by the British ever since. After the British thirteen colonies of what would become the United States declared their independence in 1776 they were unsuccessful in convincing their fellow Britons in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, as well as the French of Quebec to join their war of independence. The Americans would invade Quebec in the first major military initiative of the newly formed Continental Army, but were repelled by the Quebecers as they believed the Britons of the United States would be even more oppressive to their French language, culture, and Catholic traditions than their fellow Britons back in the United Kingdom. 

Though the Quebecers had been using the term Canada to refer to their homeland on the banks of the Saint Lawrence river for hundreds of years during the creation of the country of Canada, nearly a hundred years after the creation of the country of the United States, the Britons living to the north of the United States would appropriate this name to replace the term "British North America", as well as to describe their unique subethnicity within the broader British ethnicity. 

Until the mass migration of non-Europeans into Canada began a few decades ago Canada was largely a bi-national country with Canadians and Quebecers forming the vast majority of the population. Today, many Quebecers argue that just as the elite in London historically brought in large numbers of Britons from the British Isles to dilute and dispossess the indigenous Quebecers of Quebec, the elite of Ottawa are now bringing in large numbers of Asians, Africans, and Amerindians to further dilute and dispossess the indigenous Quebecers of Quebec. Currently Canadians form roughly half of the population of Canada, with Quebecers making up a little less than a fifth of the population.

Numerous Quebecer independence struggles against British rule have been violently suppressed by London and then Ottawa over the centuries, with many thousands of Quebecer patriots dying in the streets or being publicly executed. The national personification of the Quebecer people is Le Vieux de '37, or the old man of the Quebecer Rebellion of 1837. This particular unsuccessful rebellion resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Quebecers, and the exile of thousands more. The Quebecer National Anthem is generally considered to be Les Gens du Pays, which was first played in 1975 during Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, which is regarded as the Quebecer National Day. In 1967, French president Charles de Gaulle made a visit to Quebec where he remarked that his procession in Montreal reminded him of his return to Paris after it was freed from German occupation during the Second European World War. An advocate for Quebec independence, de Gaulle would give a speech in front of the Montreal City Hall where he cried out “Vive le Québec libre !” which translates to "Long live free Quebec!" in English. Canadian Prime Minister Lester Pearson was enraged by de Gaulle's call for Quebec to be liberated, and would make it clear that de Gaulle was no longer welcome in Canada in a nationally televised speech the following day saying: "Every province in Canada is free. Canadians do not need to be liberated." 

In 1995 there was a referendum on whether Quebec should become an independent country with 49.42% of the population voting yes, and 50.58% voting no, with non-Europeans overwhelmingly voting against Quebec independence. Though the percentage of Quebecers who support Quebec independence has likely increased since the 1995 referendum almost passed, the portion of Quebecers as a percentage of Quebec's population has significantly decreased in recent decades due to the mass migration of non-Europeans into the region. Recent non-European arrivals in Quebec tend to be overwhelming opposed to Quebec independence as very few non-Europeans from outside the relatively few French-speaking regions of the world studied French growing up and would generally prefer developing fluency in English instead of French because if they move to a different part of Canada or the broader European World they will much more easily be able to get by in English instead of French, as English has become the modern universal language of Europeans. While historically the Quebecer movement for an independent Quebec would have had a significant amount of support from the left-wing across the European world, in recent times as the left-wing of the European world becomes increasingly more defined by anti-Europeanism, the Quebec independence movement will be more opposed as it will be viewed as partly motivated by Europeanism. 

Dutch Settler Colonialism

The first permanently inhabited city established by the Dutch outside of Europe which would remain in Dutch control for many generations was Cape Town in 1652, which is now the capital of the Western Cape province of South Africa. Today, the Afrikaners are the only Dutch group found outside of Europe. The Afrikaners are a Dutch subethnicity indigenous to South Africa that share a common Dutch culture, ancestry, history, religion, and language. There are some 3.1 million Afrikaners alive today, with major cities with significant Afrikaner populations including Cape Town, Pretoria, and Bloemfontein. The Afrikaners are one of three subethnicities of the broader of the Dutch ethnicity along with the Dutch and Flemish. 

The Afrikaners would largely rule South Africa from 1948 to 1994 through the National Party in a system known as Apartheid. After Afrikaner rule came to an end in South Africa the European population would plateau and then quickly diminish as Europeans migrated away from a now African controlled South Africa. 

European Politics

Politics can be most simply defined as the process by which the distribution of the world's highly limited resources is determined. Human history has primarily been driven by humans forming groups based upon genetic and cultural similarity to compete with other groups for resources. Across the millennia there has been a never-ending struggle for the distribution of resources first between races, then between the ethnicities of a race, and finally between the groups that make up an ethnicity like conservative and progressive, young and old, male and female, secular and religious, or urban and rural.

For most of European history the vast majority of Europeans were subsistence farmers living in rural towns fairly evenly spread across the arable regions of the European world. Beginning with the industrial revolution of the late 19th and early 20th centuries Europeans rapidly moved into fast-growing metropolises to work in the factories and service sector of the modern economy. Experimenting with new and radical forms of political, social, and economic organization such as communism, capitalism, and fascism, paired with rejecting the authority of the once powerful nobility and clergy, would be the primary cause of the European World Wars. Ultimately, by the end of the European Cold War in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the conclusion of European Communism every European country across the world has coalesced around varying degrees of representative democracy, individual rights, and mixed capitalism as their preferred method of political, social, and economic organization. Liberalism, which lies at the center of the political compass, has emerged triumphant among Europeans, with the overwhelming majority of Europeans around the world regarding it as the best path to material prosperity and societal well-being. 

Today, nearly all Europeans participate in politics or do business in roughly the same manner with only minor procedural differences. The difference between European countries such as Germany, Argentina, or Canada is principally defined by their varying ethnic and racial demographic compositions and not their nominally identical systems of political, social, and economic organization. For most modern Europeans political ideologies are increasingly becoming little more than a kind of transient fashion statement, to be worn and discarded as Europeans go through the various seasons of their lives. 

In the decades following the immense devastation of the European World Wars center-left policies, politicians, and parties largely defined the European politics of what were then largely racially homogenous European countries such as France, Netherlands, or United States. Across European Civilization right-wing politics were largely delegitimatized as many Europeans perceived the defining characteristics of right-wing politics, such as hierarchy, masculinity, racialism, religiosity, and militarism, as being the principal contributing factors of the European World Wars. While in popular culture right-wing features are most commonly highlighted in regards to German actions during the Second European World War, in actuality all of the participating European countries would have been considered extremely far-right by the standards of modern European Civilization, with the the Soviet Union being the only possible exception. 

Conservatism vs. Progressivism 

Beginning in the late 20th century the mass migration of non-Europeans into the wealthier European countries, paired with the higher birthrate of non-Europeans compared to Europeans, has led to a large, rapidly growing, and increasingly powerful presence of non-Europeans across much of the European World. This ever-increasing non-European presence has become the most important and contentious political issue within many European societies. Those with pro-European sentiment have increasingly aligned themselves with right-wing parties, while those with anti-European sentiment have increasingly aligned themselves with left-wing parties. In recent years across much of the European World the right-wing parties and politicians who have achieved the most electoral and party primary success have generally combined relatively moderate positions on economic and social policies with staunchly pro-European rhetoric. As Europeans become a smaller and smaller portion in many of the countries they historically founded and predominated in this trend is likely to continue and accelerate. 

While historically the European right and left wings were often associated with the ideologies of conservatism and progressivism respectively, this increasingly antiquated dichotomy was a function of largely racially homogenous European countries. For all of recorded human history the European race has been humanity's most progressive, being the first in the world to devise and implement virtually every progressive policy such as democracy in 507 BC in Greece, compulsory primary education in 1763 in Germany, national parks in 1872 in United States, national voting rights for women in 1893 in New Zealand, elective abortion in 1920 in Russia, or same-sex civil unions in 1989 in Denmark. Even the most socially and religiously conservative of Europeans are often more progressive than the average African, Asian, or Amerindian. For example, there is not a single country in the world in which Europeans form a majority or even a plurality of the population where rates of weekly religious service attendance are higher than any country in Africa. Indeed, elective abortion and same-sex civil unions are legal in nearly every European country around the world, while being illegal in the vast majority of the world's non-European countries. It is quite likely that once the boomer generation, the last overwhelming European generational cohort within many European countries, fades into electoral irrelevance and the sorting of Europeans into right-wing parties and non-Europeans into left-wing parties rapidly accelerates, socially and religiously conversative lifestyles will become increasingly associated with the left. 

The process of socially and economically moderating has already substantially occurred within many of the right-wing parties of mainland Europe, with most largely giving up the pretense of being socially conservative. Within the Anglosphere, however, right-wing parties often still feel compelled to promote conservative social and economic policies, even though these stances rarely have majority support. As running on explicitly positively acknowledging and advocating for the unique needs of their country's particular British subethnicity, as well as other Europeans more broadly, is still much more taboo than in mainland Europe. 

Europeanism vs. Anti-Europeanism

As the intra-European struggles between competing ideologies of political, social, and economic organization such as conservatism and progressivism become functionally irrelevant, politics in many European countries will devolve into a raw struggle between Europeans and coalitions of non-Europeans for the government's distribution of increasingly limited resources. Roughly five earths would be required to furnish the resources necessary for the world's approximately 8.3 billion humans to enjoy a 1950s middle-class American lifestyle, the so-called "American Dream". Therefore, approximately 1.65 billion humans have the ability to enjoy a 1950s middle-class American lifestyle, while the remaining 6.65 billion humans will have to live in relative poverty. For example, there are roughly 1.5 billion functioning automobiles in the world and so if every European adult had an automobile as envisioned in the "American Dream" only a few hundred million non-European adults would be able to own an automobile. For almost all of human history the human population never exceeded a billion and even at the onset of the First European World War a little more than a hundred years ago the human population barely exceeded 1.65 billion. While for almost all of human history there was enough resources so that every human on earth could enjoy a materially rich lifestyle historically humans were unable to efficiently extract and utilize the earth's resources at scale due to the limits of technological progress and so they were unable to realize this potential. However, with the rapid scientific and industrial innovations made by Europeans beginning in the late-18th century and rapidly beginning to accelerate in late-19th century, by the mid-20th century this was no longer the case. 

In the decades following the European World Wars the non-European population of the world began to explosively grow due to European Decolonization paired with the so-called "Green Revolution" of the mid-20th century which resulted in dramatically increased crop yields through scientific breakthroughs in genetic modification, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. As non-Europeans continue to rapidly grow in both size and power, both within European countries and across the world, while Europeans continue to shrink in both size and power, both within European countries and across the world, non-Europeans will increasingly demand a larger share of the earth's limited resources. Much of the ideological debate of the 21st century will revolve around the dilemma of how to distribute the earth's limited resources across a vast human population whose demand for these resources greatly exceeds their supply. Scenarios as occurred in Venezuela, South Africa, or Bolivia where non-European coalitions worked together to acquire and use state power to forcefully redistribute resources away from Europeans and towards non-Europeans will likely begin to play out with increasing frequency and scale across the European world. 

During the Third European Golden Age and the subsequent European World Wars and European Cold War, Europeans so thoroughly dominated the world that the primary competition for resources was not between human races but between the various European ethnicities. However, as Europeans fade to not only an increasingly tiny global minority, but an ever smaller portion of their own countries, European racial identity will become more and more salient as European ethnic identities diminish in importance. As countries such as France, Germany, or United States all become less and less French, German, or American petty nationalism narrowly focused on advocating solely for titular ethnicities like these will decrease in popularity. This trend is being accelerated by non-Europeans moving into these countries and demanding to also be called French, German, or American. As a stronger sense of global pan-European identity ferments a pan-European solidarity that transcends borders will also develop. Though the regional European ethnicities of the world will continue to exist and be meaningful far into the future, just as being a Southerner or Northerner was once much more meaningful than it is today among Americans, so too being Italian, Polish, Canadian, or Argentine will be much less meaningful among the Europeans of the future. Furthermore, as the boundaries of the European world shrinks with many formerly European regions ceasing to be European there will be a migration of Europeans to areas where they have more demographic, economic, cultural, and political power. It is quite possible that over the course of the 21st century European settlement in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and South America will largely collapse and the various European subethnicities once created by the European Diaspora of these regions will assimilate into other European ethnicities and subethnicities as they migrate to Europe and North America. 

While the struggle between Europeanism and anti-Europeanism is already playing out across much of Western Europe and the Anglosphere it is not yet highly prominent in Eastern Europe due to the low number of non-Europeans residing in this region. However, as the number of non-Europeans across Western Europe and the Anglosphere rapidly rises and social welfare systems become strained, non-Europeans will increasingly be attracted to the relatively untapped potential of countries like Poland, Czechia, Hungary, or Romania. Following its transition from communism to capitalism most of Eastern Europe has rapidly economically developed and is now richer than nearly any part of Africa, Asia, or Latin America and so the mass migration of non-Europeans into the wealthier countries of Eastern Europe will almost certainly soon begin.

Across much of the European World in the coming years Europeanism will become the dominant ideology of right-wing parties while anti-Europeanism will become the dominant ideology of left-wing parties. As definitions change the label of "right-wing" will most prominently be associated with being pro-European, while the label of "left-wing" will most prominently be associated with being anti-European. While Europeanism is likely to eventually become the largest ideological faction within the broader coalition of many major right-wing political parties across the European World, such as old parties like United States's Republican Party or Canada's Conservative Party or new parties like United Kingdom's Reform UK or Germany's Alternative for Deutschland, this process of contentious ascendancy will take many years before it reaches its apogee. As this process occurs many of the elderly Europeans within these parties, whose neuroplasticity and openness to new ideas largely ended before the rise of non-European mass migration and anti-Europeanism, will often become uncomfortable with the direction younger Europeans are taking their parties. Some of these establishmentarian cohorts will collude with left-wing elements to censor, deplatform, debank, defame, blacklist, threaten, and assault those within this rising faction. 

As the early-21st century transitions into the mid-21st century and these once youthful insurgents finally begin taking control of these right-wing parties the world will be radically different from the current one. Europeans around the world will have significantly demographically shrunk, while rapidly aging, becoming both physically and mentally weaker. The European proportion of the world's highly limited wealth and power will be considerably diminished in both absolute and relative terms. Commanding far fewer resources than their parents and grandparents once did, right-wing Europeans will face much more youthful, overwhelming non-European left-wing parties. It will be this titanic struggle, and its outcomes, that will likely come to define much of the remaining years of many Europeans alive today. 

First European Golden Age

The first anatomically modern European humans appeared about 48,000 years ago, with the first permanent European settlements appearing about 10,000 years ago in the Balkans. However, it was not until some 6,000 years ago, around 4000 BC, when the Proto-Indo-Europeans began to expand out of their ancestral homeland in modern-day Ukraine to conquer and settle all of Europe and much of the western half of Asia that the First European Golden Age is understood to have begun. Evolving as semi-nomadic pastoralists across the fertile grasslands of the Southeast European Plain the Proto-Indo-Europeans were likely the first to domesticate the horse and invent the wheel and chariot. The vast majority of the successive waves of Proto-Indo-Europeans would expand west across the whole of Europe, while a minority would conquer eastward as far as the Tarim Basin of China and the Gangetic Plain of India where they would initially form the elites of these societies before eventually being demographically absorbed. Today, twenty-four of the twenty-eight European ethnicities speak a language derived from the Proto-Indo-European language and nearly half of modern European DNA originates from the Proto-Indo Europeans. During this time measured technological and social progress among Europeans was largely continuous as cities were established and increasingly advanced economies with long distance trade began forming. 

First European Dark Age

Beginning in roughly 1100 BC Europeans slow but broadly continuous societal progress came to an end with the onset of the First European Dark Age. The Greeks withdrew into small isolated villages and became illiterate for a few hundred years. The Hittite Empire collapsed with the Hittite ethnicity disappearing entirely. The Iranian Plateau, still with a sizeable European population, experienced significant decline and settlement abandonment. Non-European groups like the Phoenicians, Assyrians, and Egyptians grew in power and began to expand into regions previously controlled by Europeans. Since little writing from this time survived the causes of the First European Dark Age are not well-known. While natural challenges like climate change, volcanic eruptions, droughts, and disease can be observed in the archaeological record things like political, cultural, and religious changes can only be speculated upon. Though the Greeks began to recover around 750 BC Europeans would not begin to achieve their previous influence for centuries to come. 

Second European Golden Age

For 807 years from October 1st, 331 BC when the Greeks under Alexander the Great conquered the Persians at the Battle of Gaugamela, until the Fall of Rome on September 4th, 476 AD when the last Roman emperor abdicated the throne, Europeans would rule much of the world spreading their people, language, and culture far beyond their native Europe throughout Western Asia and Northern Africa. This period of Classical Antiquity can be most accurately understood as the Second European Golden Age. 

Second European Dark Age

For 1,016 years from the Fall of Rome on September 4th, 476 AD when the last Roman emperor abdicated the throne until October 12th, 1492 when Europeans began the conquest and settlement of the Americas, the European Race would experience the Second European Dark Age. While the vast majority of Europeans were once united under the Roman Empire, following the Fall of Rome Europeans would largely splinter into thousands of independent, perpetually warring fiefdoms. In this system known as feudalism feudal lords lived in castles defended by knights and surrounded by rural, landless, subsistence farming peasants. Large cities were abandoned, roads crumbled, and literacy plummeted as the European Race entered a period of stark economic, intellectual, and cultural decline. European influence across the world drastically shrunk as the Arabs and Turks conquered all the former European colonies of North Africa and Southwest Asia and even made lengthy incursions into Iberia and the Balkans. 

The Arabian Peninsula was unified under Muhammad by the time of his death in 632 and in a little less than a century the Arabs would conquer nearly all of the territory in North Africa and Southwest Asia that was once ruled by Europeans as part of the Roman and then Byzantine Empires. The remaining European communities scattered along the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea would flee back to Europe or be culturally and genetically assimilated into the Arab ethnicity. During the conquest of the region Arab men often killed the European men, took the European women as wives, and raised the children they fathered with them with Arab names, language, culture, and religion. After this process any arguments for the concept of a broader "White Race" and "Western Civilization" which included Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa ceased to have any factual basis as these regions largely became extensions of Arabia. 

Though the much smaller Greek-speaking portion of the Roman Empire would remain unified under a single government based in Constantinople they were only able to exert long-term control over the Southern Balkans and Western Anatolia. Under the reign of Justinian, who is widely regarded as the greatest Greek to have lived since Alexander the Great, the Greeks would attempt to restore the Roman Empire re-conquering much of the lost territory including Italy. However, much of the gains were lost after the death of Justinian and for the last couple hundred years of the Byzantine Empire, before Constantinople was captured by the Turks in 1453 and renamed Istanbul, it was little more than a glorified city-state. 

Third European Golden Age

For 422 years from October 12th, 1492 when Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean initiating the European conquest and settlement of the Americas until the outbreak of the First European World War on July 28th, 1914 the European Race would experience the Third European Golden Age. During their third golden age Europeans would explore, conquer, and rule nearly the entirety of the earth with more than sixty-five million Europeans leaving Europe to permanently settle across the earth, greatly expanding the boundaries of the European World. Of these 65 million less than 10% would go to the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas with nearly all Europeans settling in North America, the Southern Cone of South America, Australasia, and Siberia. The Third European Golden Age was characterized by optimism, economic prosperity, and colonial expansion paired with technological, scientific, and cultural innovations amongst Europeans. 

Third European Dark Age

From July 28th, 1914 when the First European World War began until the present day Europeans have found themselves in the Third European Dark Age. With each passing decade since 1914 the European proportion of the world's economic, political, cultural, religious, geographic, and demographic power has shrunk and will likely continue to shrink for the foreseeable future. Throughout nearly all of the 20th and 21st centuries European's collective power has shrunk in both relative and absolute terms, both globally and in the countries Europeans founded and historically predominated in. The three principal geopolitical phenomenon which have defined the Third European Dark Age are the European World Wars, European Decolonization, and European Cold War. 

European World Wars

From 1914 to 1945 roughly 60 million Europeans would be killed in armed conflict between Europeans. Some historians characterize the First European World War, Second European World War, and the numerous smaller European conflicts of the interwar period such as the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War as a singular European Civil War highlighting the relative cultural homogeneity of the European continent, the family relations of European monarchs at the beginning of the First European World War, and the continuity of armed conflicts in Europe between the various time frames. Though the European World Wars are often simply referred to as the World Wars this can be argued to be inaccurate Eurocentric terminology as the Asia–Pacific War initiated by the Japanese with the invasion of China in 1937 was almost completely unrelated to European affairs and nearly all of the relatively few non-European soldiers who fought in Europe during the European World Wars were colonial subjects imported by their colonial masters. Though the Turks participated in the First European World War the Ottoman Empire's campaigns had virtually no impact upon regions of European settlement. 

While Germans and Russians received roughly half of the causalities during the European World Wars, every single European ethnicity would be involved at some point with the vast majority of European countries across the world either joining the Entente or Central Powers during the First European World War and the Allies or Axis during the Second European World War. On May 8th, 1945 when the Second European World War came to an end Europe was utterly devasted with the European Race having endured the largest armed conflict in human history. The European Civil War was the principal cause of the end of the Third European Golden Age and the beginning of the Third European Dark Age and still deeply effects Europeans across the world to the present day. The European Civil War is almost universally acknowledged as the most devasting man-made event in the history of European Civilization, far more destructive than such events as the Fall of Rome, Fall of Constantinople, Thirty Years' War, or Napoleonic Wars. As a direct result of the European Civil War the relative economic, demographic, political, religious, and cultural influence of Europeans in the world has significantly declined in recent generations.

European Decolonization 

While at the start of the European Civil War in 1914 Europeans would rule nearly the entirety of the earth by the end of the 1970s every single European empire had almost completely collapsed with the British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Belgian, and Italian empires all having gone functionally extinct. Though some Europeans would initially wage sizeable conflicts to maintain their empires such as the Portuguese Colonial Wars or the French Indochina War, ultimately no European power still had sufficient desire to expend the resources necessary to maintain control of the empires they had conquered over prior centuries. 

European Cold War

For 69 years from December 30th, 1922 when the Soviet Union was founded until December 26th, 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved there was a European Cold War between the capitalist Western European countries and the communist Eastern European countries. While there would be a great deal of tension as soon as the Communists won the Russian Civil War, this tension would significantly intensify after the conclusion of the Second European World War, with the Soviets permanently occupying the Eastern European countries they had conquered during the war. On March 5th, 1947 Winston Churchill declared that an "Iron Curtain" had descended upon the European World splitting it in two and on March 12th, 1947 Harry Truman laid out a policy of containment towards the USSR. Though many European ethnic groups would resist Soviet domination, such as the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 or the Czech Uprising of 1968, the Soviet Union and its communist puppet regimes would often kill anyone who opposed, or even attempted to flee, their rule. Though the exact number of Europeans killed is difficult to pinpoint it is widely accepted that over the 20th century the Soviet Union and its communist puppet regimes would intentionally kill well beyond ten million European civilians across Eastern Europe through execution, concentration camps, and forced starvation.

Post-Communist Europe

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26th, 1991 the European Cold War would come to an end, and communism would collapse in Europe. Their economic and foreign policy no longer directed by the Soviet Union most of the post-communist countries of Europe began to rapidly modernize, experiencing immense social, governmental, and economic progress, while quickly joining pan-European organizations. Every single post-communist country in Europe except for Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Montenegro have joined both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Union with Russia and Belarus being the only of these countries to not actively be in the process of joining these pan-European alliances. The comparative lack of progress within these particular, newly formed countries was primarily driven by having significant Russian and Serbian minorities leftover from when they were still part of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia respectively, which was the primary cause of the Yugoslav Wars and the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War.

Russo-Ukrainian War

The largest war and greatest human tragedy in Europe since the end of the European World Wars is the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War. Initially beginning in February 2014, with the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine and supporting of pro-Russian separatists fighting the Ukrainian military in the Donbas, the war exponentially escalated in February 2022 when Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. While many Europeans have a great deal of appreciation for Russian culture, history, and achievements as the Russians are among the most impactful of the European ethnicities, the vast majority of Europeans have demonstrated opposition to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, principally because Europeans have become weary of large-scale violent conflict between European ethnicities after the lessons learned from the European World Wars. The overwhelming majority of European countries across Europe, the Americas, and Australasia have provided military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine. Supporting Ukraine has been perhaps the most cohesive European Civilization has been on a military matter since the times of the Roman Empire and enjoys broad public approval.

Eurasianism

Many view the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War as being partially motivated by an ideological struggle between the concepts of Europeanism and Eurasianism. The Ukrainian people and state broadly promote the concept of Europeanism, view themselves as fundamentally European, and desire closer ties to other European countries through membership in European institutions like the European Union or North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Historically, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus were all part of the Soviet Union and before that the Russian Empire and so many of those currently in the Russian government believe that the Eastern Slavic countries of Ukraine and Belarus, should be within their sphere of influence as dependencies, if not annexed outright. They therefore promote the concept of Eurasianism as an ideological counterweight to Ukraine's Europeanism. 

Eurasianism is a socio-political movement which states that Russia does not belong in the "European" or "Asian" categories but instead to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia governed by the "Russian world", forming an ostensibly standalone Russian Civilization which is distinct from European Civilization. Eurasianism, as a relatively new concept that emerged in the early 20th century during the Russian Civil War with the rise of the Soviet Union, conflicts with the historic state policy of the Russian Empire which was Euro-centric and considered itself a European power and indisputable part of European Civilization. As there is no genetic or cultural basis for the argument that Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarussians are not Europeans who are part of the European Race and the European Civilization formed by it, it is generally understood that the modern popularity of Eurasianism in the Kremlin comes from political expediency, and not objective reality. If the current regimes in Russia and Belarus, which remain the last dictatorships in Europe, were to publicly acknowledge the fact that Russians and Belarusians are Europeans, while pursuing closer ties with the rest of the European World, they would undoubtedly face increased internal and external pressure to have free and fair elections which they may well lose. Therefore, the modern governments of Russia and Belarus are heavily incentivized to rhetorically separate Russians and Belarusians from their fellow Europeans to instead ally with third-world pariah states like North Korea. It is almost certain that long term peace and prosperity in Eastern Europe will not be achieved until Europeanism overtakes Eurasianism as the underlying political philosophy of the Kremlin.